Beaver Coach PATRIOT recalls by model year
Explore the records behind recurring owner reports.
Key facts
2 owner complaints analyzed
10 distinct recall campaigns
55,603 mi median reported failure mileage
Scope: 1997 to 2010 model years. Data updated: . 2 complaints include usable failure mileage. View data status.
Recalls by model year
All campaigns in the snapshot affecting each model year, including recalls announced years later.
Recall campaigns
Shared campaigns appear once in each affected model year.
| Category | Count |
|---|---|
| 1997 | 0 |
| 1998 | 1 |
| 1999 | 2 |
| 2000 | 2 |
| 2001 | 2 |
| 2002 | 2 |
| 2003 | 1 |
| 2004 | 1 |
| 2006 | 1 |
| 2007 | 1 |
| 2008 | 2 |
| 2009 | 3 |
| 2010 | 1 |
1997: 0; 1998: 1; 1999: 2; 2000: 2; 2001: 2; 2002: 2; 2003: 1; 2004: 1; 2006: 1; 2007: 1; 2008: 2; 2009: 3; 2010: 1
Year-by-year records
Recall history
10 distinct campaigns affect this selection. Announcement dates below are different from vehicle model years. A campaign may cover multiple years.
07V423000 · Equipment:Recreational Vehicle/Trailer
Reported: 2007-09-06 (September 6, 2007) · Model years: 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002
ON CERTAIN MOTOR HOMES, FIFTH WHEEL AND TRAVEL TRAILERS EQUIPPED WITH A TWO-DOOR REFRIGERATOR MANUFACTURED BY THE DOMETIC CORPORATION, THE REFRIGERATOR MAY HAVE A DEFECT IN THE BOILER TUBE. PRESSURIZED COOLANT SOLUTION COULD BE RELEASED INTO AN AREA WHERE AN IGNITION SOURCE (GAS FLAME) IS PRESENT.
Consequence: RELEASE OF COOLANT UNDER CERTAIN CONDITIONS COULD IGNITE AND RESULT IN A FIRE.
Remedy: MONACO WILL BE WORKING WITH DOMETIC IN ORDER TO REPAIR THESE REFRIGERATORS (PLEASE SEE 06E076). DOMETIC WILL REPAIR THESE REFRIGERATORS BY INSTALLING A SECONDARY BURN HOUSING, A THERMAL FUSE, AND A MELT FUSE FREE OF CHARGE. DOMETIC HAS RETAINED STERICYCLE INC. TO MANAGE THIS CAMPAIGN. STERICYCLE WILL ASSIST THE OWNER IN LOCATING DEALERSHIPS OR SERVICE CENTERS AND WILL PROVIDE ASSISTANCE WITH SCHEDULING OF APPOINTMENTS. OWNERS MAY CONTACT DOMETIC/STERICYCLE AT 1-888-446-5157 OR MONACO AT 1-877-466-6226.
NHTSA campaign record ↗08V257000 · Equipment:Recreational Vehicle/Trailer
Reported: 2008-06-05 (June 5, 2008) · Model years: 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002
MONACO IS RECALLING CERTAIN MOTOR HOMES EQUIPPED WITH NORCOLD REFRIGERATORS. A FATIGUE FAILURE IN THE SECTION OF THE COOLING UNIT WHICH CONTAINS THE REFRIGERANT COULD ALLOW THE LIQUID SOLUTION TO SLOWLY LEAK.
Consequence: EXTENDED OPERATION OF A LEAKING COOLING UNIT COULD LEAD TO A FIRE FROM GAS WHICH MIGHT ESCAPE.
Remedy: MONACO IS WORKING WITH NORCOLD TO REPAIR THESE REFRIGERATORS. NORCOLD WILL PROVIDE THERMAL SWITCH KITS TO OWNERS ALONG WITH THE NECESSARY FORMS AND INSTRUCTIONS. THE RECALL BEGAN ON AUGUST 29, 2008. OWNERS MAY CONTACT NORCOLD AT 1-800-767-9101 OR MONACO AT 1-800-685-6545.
NHTSA campaign record ↗04V322000 · Visibility:Windshield Wiper/Washer
Reported: 2004-07-06 (July 6, 2004) · Model years: 2003
CERTAIN MOTORHOMES FAIL TO COMPLY WITH THE REQUIREMENTS OF FEDERAL MOTOR VEHICLE SAFETY STANDARD NO. 104, 'WINDSHIELD WIPING AND WASHING SYSTEMS.' THE WINDSHIELD WIPER ASSEMBLY WAS INSTALLED WITHOUT PROPER SUPPORT ALLOWING THE WIPER ASSEMBLY TO BIND AND/OR BREAK.
Consequence: THIS FAILURE COULD RESULT IN INADEQUATE VISIBILITY IN ADVERSE WEATHER CONDITIONS, WHICH COULD LEAD TO INJURY OR A CRASH COULD OCCUR WITHOUT WARNING.
Remedy: DEALERS WILL INSTALL A NEW STYLE OF WIPER ASSEMBLY AND ADD SUPPORT FOR THE NEW WIPER ASSEMBLY. THE RECALL BEGAN ON JULY 23, 2004. OWNERS SHOULD CONTACT MONACO AT 1-800-685-6545.
NHTSA campaign record ↗04V391000 · Equipment:Other:Labels
Reported: 2004-08-10 (August 10, 2004) · Model years: 2004
CERTAIN MOTOR HOMES FAIL TO CONFORM TO THE REQUIREMENTS OF FEDERAL MOTOR VEHICLE SAFETY STANDARD NO. 110, 'TIRE SELECTION AND RIMS.' THE FEDERAL IDENTIFICATION LABELS CONTAINS INCORRECT INFORMATION REGARDING THE RIM SIZE AND TIRE INFLATION RATING AS WELL AS AN INCORRECT RATING FOR THE GROSS VEHICLE WEIGHT RATING (GVWR) AND FRONT GROSS AXLE WEIGHT RATING (GAWR).
Consequence: THIS MISPRINT COULD LEAD TO AN INCORRECT RIM BEING PLACED ON THE UNIT THAT WOULD NOT BE RATED FOR THE GAWR, IN ADDITION TO OVERLOADING THE UNIT AND OVER-INFLATING THE TIRES. DRIVING WITH OVER-INFLATED TIRES CAN CAUSE OR CONTRIBUTE TO PREMATURE TIRE FAILURE THAT COULD RESULT IN A LOSS OF CONTROL OF THE VEHICLE, INCREASING THE RISK OF A CRASH.
Remedy: OWNERS WILL BE PROVIDED WITH A CORRECTED FEDERAL IDENTIFICATION LABEL AND INSTALLATION INSTRUCTIONS. IF AN OWNER WISHES, A DEALER CAN PLACE THE LABEL ON FOR THEM. THE RECALL BEGAN ON AUGUST 30, 2004. OWNERS SHOULD CONTACT MONACO AT 1-800-685-6545.
NHTSA campaign record ↗06V426000 · Steering
Reported: 2006-11-08 (November 8, 2006) · Model years: 2006
ON CERTAIN MOTOR HOMES, AN IMPROPER NUT AND BOLT COMBINATION WAS USED TO CLAMP THE INTERMEDIATE SHAFT ONTO THE STEERING SHAFT. WITHOUT THE PROPER NUT AND BOLT COMBINATION, THE NUT CAN LOOSEN PREMATURELY AND ALLOW THE BOLT TO COME OUT WHICH COULD ALLOW THE INTERMEDIATE SHAFT TO BECOME DISCONNECTED FROM THE STEERING COLUMN SHAFT.
Consequence: LOSS OF STEERING CONTROL COULD OCCUR, INCREASING THE RISK OF A CRASH.
Remedy: DEALERS WILL INSPECT THE NUT AND BOLT COMBINATION. IF THE IMPROPER COMBINATION IS INSTALLED, DEALERS WILL REPLACE IT WITH A NEW NUT AND BOLT. IF THE COMBINATION IS CORRECT, DEALERS WILL RE-TORQUE THE EXISTING COMBINATION. THE RECALL BEGAN ON NOVEMBER 21, 2006. OWNERS MAY CONTACT MONACO AT 1-800--685-6545.
NHTSA campaign record ↗06V450000 · Visibility:Windshield Wiper/Washer:Motor
Reported: 2006-11-29 (November 29, 2006) · Model years: 2007
ON CERTAIN CLASS A MOTOR HOMES, THE WINDSHIELD WIPER MOTORS ARE UNDER-FUSED AND THE FUSE MAY FAIL.
Consequence: IF THE FUSE FAILS, THE WINDSHIELD WIPERS WILL STOP FUNCTIONING WHICH WOULD RESULT IN A DECREASE OF THE VISIBILITY OF THE OPERATOR AND COULD RESULT IN A CRASH.
Remedy: DEALERS WILL INSTALL A NEW 15 AMP AUTO RESETTING CIRCUIT BREAKER FUSE ON THE VEHICLE. THE RECALL BEGAN ON DECEMBER 15, 2006. OWNERS MAY CONTACT MONACO AT 1-800-685-6545.
NHTSA campaign record ↗07V590000 · Steering:Gear Box:Shaft Sector
Reported: 2007-12-20 (December 20, 2007) · Model years: 2008
ON CERTAIN CLASS A MOTOR HOMES EQUIPPED WITH TRW STEERING GEARS, MODELS TAS85 AND RCS85, THESE STEERING GEARS CONTAIN POTENTIALLY DEFECTIVE SECTOR SHAFTS WITH AN INCORRECT GEAR TOOTH WHICH MAY INTERFERE WITH THE RACK-PISTON TEETH, RESULTING IN A STICK OR BIND CONDITION.
Consequence: THIS CONDITION HAS THE POTENTIAL TO CAUSE THE STEERING GEAR TO STALL AND RESTRICT THE STEERING TURNING ANGLE OF THE VEHICLE WHICH COULD RESULT IN A VEHICLE CRASH.
Remedy: MONACO IS WORKING WITH TRW TO REPLACE THE DEFECTIVE STEERING GEAR (PLEASE SEE 07E101). THE RECALL BEGAN ON JANUARY 24, 2008. OWNERS MAY CONTACT MONACO AT 1-800-685-6545 OR TRW AT 1-765-429-1768.
NHTSA campaign record ↗10V284000 · Service Brakes, Hydraulic:Pedals And Linkages
Reported: 2010-06-25 (June 25, 2010) · Model years: 2008, 2009, 2010
KONGSBERG POWER PRODUCTS SYSTEMS I, INC., (KPPS) IS RECALLING ON BEHALF OF MONACO COACH CERTAIN MODEL YEAR 2008-2010 MOTOR HOMES MANUFACTURED AFTER APRIL 2007 AND EQUIPPED WITH PNEUMATIC AND HYDRAULIC ADJUSTABLE BRAKE PEDAL ASSEMBLIES SUPPLIED BY KPPS. THE DRIVE PIN WHICH SECURES THE BRAKE PEDAL ARM TO THE BALANCE OF THE ASSEMBLY MAY BECOME DISENGAGED, THIS MAY CAUSE A REDUCTION IN VEHICLE BRAKING AND/OR CAUSE THE BRAKE PEDAL TO MOVE OUT OF POSITION AND INTERFERE WITH THROTTLE PEDAL FUNCTION.
Consequence: A REDUCTION IN BRAKING OR INTERFERENCE WITH THE THROTTLE PEDAL COULD RESULT IN A CRASH.
Remedy: KPPS WILL PROVIDE A CLAMP ASSEMBLY KIT ALONG WITH INSTALLATION INSTRUCTIONS FREE OF CHARGE. THE SAFETY RECALL BEGAN ON JULY 16, 2010. OWNERS MAY CONTACT KPPS AT 1-877-485-6647.
NHTSA campaign record ↗10V014000 · Service Brakes, Hydraulic:Pedals And Linkages
Reported: 2010-01-20 (January 20, 2010) · Model years: 2009
NAVISTAR IS RECALLING CERTAIN MODEL YEAR 2008-2009 BEAVER CONTESSA, MODEL YEAR 2009 BEAVER MARQUIS, PATRIOT, MONTEREY, MODEL YEAR 2009-2010 HOLIDAY RAMBLER AMBASSADOR, MODEL YEAR 2010-2011 HOLIDAY RAMBLER ENDEAVOR, MODEL YEAR 2009-2010 HOLIDAY RAMBLER IMPERIAL, MODEL YEAR 2010 HOLIDAY RAMBLER NAVIGATOR, AND SCEPTOR, MODEL YEAR 2010 MONACO CAMELOT MODEL YEAR 2010-2011 MONACO DIPLOMAT, MODEL YEAR 2010 MONACO DYNASTY, MODEL YEAR 2009-2010 MONACO KNIGHT AND MODEL YEAR 2010 MONACO SIGNATURE MANUFACTURED FROM JANUARY 22, 2008 THROUGH OCTOBER 27, 2009 ON BEHALF OF MONACO RV WITH KONGSBERG POWER PRODUCTS SYSTEMS ADJUSTABLE BRAKE PEDALS. THE DRIVE PIN WHICH SECURES THE BRAKE PEDAL ARM TO THE BALANCE OF THE ASSEMBLY MAY BECOME DISENGAGED, THIS MAY CAUSE A REDUCTION IN VEHICLE BRAKING AND/OR CAUSE THE BRAKE PEDAL TO MOVE OUT OF POSITION AND INTERFERE WITH THROTTLE PEDAL FUNCTION.
Consequence: A REDUCTION IN BRAKING OR INTERFERENCE WITH THE THROTTLE PEDAL COULD RESULT IN A VEHICLE CRASH.
Remedy: NAVISTAR IS WORKING WITH KONGSBERG PLEASE SEE KONGSBERG DEFECT REPORT 09E-064. NAVISTAR WILL RECEIVE KITS AND WILL INSPECT AND INSTALL A C-CLAMP ON THE ADJUSTABLE BRAKE PEDAL. THIS SERVICE WILL BE PERFORMED FREE OF CHARGE. THE RECALL BEGAN ON FEBRUARY 4, 2010. OWNERS MAY CONTACT NAVISTAR AT 1-800-685-6545.
NHTSA campaign record ↗11V557000 · Visibility:Windshield
Reported: 2011-11-17 (November 17, 2011) · Model years: 2009
NAVISTAR IS RECALLING CERTAIN MODEL YEAR 2009-2011 BEAVER, HOLIDAY RAMBLER AND MONACO COACH BRAND RECREATIONAL VEHICLES MANUFACTURED FROM JANUARY 11, 2008, THROUGH APRIL 15, 2011. SEE THE ABOVE LIST FOR MODELS. THE FRONT WINDSHIELD SHADE MAY SEPARATE FROM THE CABIN BODY WITHOUT WARNING, POSSIBLY IMPAIRING THE DRIVER'S ABILITY TO SEE THE ROADWAY.
Consequence: AN IMPAIRMENT TO A DRIVER'S ABILITY TO SEE THE ROADWAY COULD CAUSE A VEHICLE CRASH POTENTIALLY RESULTING IN PROPERTY DAMAGE, PERSONAL INJURY, OR DEATH.
Remedy: NAVISTAR WILL NOTIFY OWNERS, AND DEALERS WILL INSPECT THE SHADE MOUNTING CLIPS AND REPAIR THE VEHICLES AS NECESSARY FREE OF CHARGE. THE SAFETY RECALL IS EXPECTED TO BEGIN DECEMBER 10, 2011.OWNERS MAY CONTACT NAVISTAR AT 1-877-466-6226.
NHTSA campaign record ↗Vehicle analysis explorer
Inspect model-year patterns, reported mileage, monthly activity and the evidence behind each signal.
Data completeness
2 unique complaints in this selection. Analysis snapshot: 2026-10-01.
Missing, zero and invalid mileage is excluded. Dates after the snapshot are excluded. Examples are limited selections, not a representative sample.
Problems by model year
Model-wide comparison of the eight most reported components across the model. Cells show counts and shares within each model year. Open a cell for source examples.
| Component | 1997 | 1998 | 1999 | 2000 | 2001 | 2002 | 2003 | 2004 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Service Brakes, Hydraulic | 00.0%No examples available for this selection. | 0UnavailableNo examples available for this selection. | 1100.0%ODI 10228205 · 56,205 miTL*THE CONTACT OWNS A 1999 BEAVER PATRIOT. THE CONTACT HAD HIS VEHICLE SERVICED UNDER NHTSA CAMPAIGN ID NUMBER 02V278000 (SERVICE BRAKES, HYDRAULIC:FOUNDATION COMPONENTS) AT 41,101 MILES. THE FAILURE RECURRED ON MAY 19, 2008. THE DEALER STATED THAT THE PREVIOUS REPAIR WAS PERFORMED INCORRECTLY BECAUSE THE OLD PARTS WERE STILL ON THE VEHICLE. THE MANUFACTURER STATED THAT THEY PERFORMED THE REPAIR AND WOULD NOT COVER THE NEW REPAIR FOR FREE, REGARDLESS IF IT WAS ORIGINALLY PERFORMED CORRECTLY OR NOT. THE CURRENT AND FAILURE MILEAGES WERE 56,… | 0UnavailableNo examples available for this selection. | 0UnavailableNo examples available for this selection. | 0UnavailableNo examples available for this selection. | 0UnavailableNo examples available for this selection. | 0UnavailableNo examples available for this selection. | 0UnavailableNo examples available for this selection. | 0UnavailableNo examples available for this selection. | 0UnavailableNo examples available for this selection. | 0UnavailableNo examples available for this selection. | 0UnavailableNo examples available for this selection. |
| Visibility | 1100.0%ODI 10312300 · 55,000 miI HAVE WINDOW SEAL FAILURE ON ALL OF THE WINDOWS OF MY 1997 BEAVER COACH. THE SEALS HAVE ALL FAILED ON THE DUAL PANE WINDOWS CAUSING FOGGY CONDITIONS BETWEEN THE 2 PANES. IT DOESN'T REALLY CREATE A SAFETY ISSUE WITH THE EXCEPTION OF THE DRIVERS SIDE WINDOW THAT HAS A FAILED SEAL AND CREATES A FOGGY CONDITION THAT MAKES IT IMPOSSIBLE TO SEE OUT THE REAR VIEW MIRROR, ALMOST CAUSING AN ACCIDENT WHEN I WAS CHANGING LANES. THE WINDOWS ARE MANUFACTURED BY SE-GI OF NORCO CALIF. I AM NOT THE ONLY PERSON WITH THIS TYPE OF FAILURE. THERE ARE THOUSANDS OF… | 0UnavailableNo examples available for this selection. | 00.0%No examples available for this selection. | 0UnavailableNo examples available for this selection. | 0UnavailableNo examples available for this selection. | 0UnavailableNo examples available for this selection. | 0UnavailableNo examples available for this selection. | 0UnavailableNo examples available for this selection. | 0UnavailableNo examples available for this selection. | 0UnavailableNo examples available for this selection. | 0UnavailableNo examples available for this selection. | 0UnavailableNo examples available for this selection. | 0UnavailableNo examples available for this selection. |
Darker cells indicate a larger share of submitted complaints. Components overlap. This measures complaint composition, not failure probability.
Failure mileage by component
Median and middle 50% of usable owner-reported mileages. Ranges require at least five records.
| Component | Mileage range (25th–75th percentile) | Median | Usable records | Examples |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Service Brakes, Hydraulic | Too few reports for a range | 56,205 mi | 1 (sparse) | ODI 10228205 · 56,205 miTL*THE CONTACT OWNS A 1999 BEAVER PATRIOT. THE CONTACT HAD HIS VEHICLE SERVICED UNDER NHTSA CAMPAIGN ID NUMBER 02V278000 (SERVICE BRAKES, HYDRAULIC:FOUNDATION COMPONENTS) AT 41,101 MILES. THE FAILURE RECURRED ON MAY 19, 2008. THE DEALER STATED THAT THE PREVIOUS REPAIR WAS PERFORMED INCORRECTLY BECAUSE THE OLD PARTS WERE STILL ON THE VEHICLE. THE MANUFACTURER STATED THAT THEY PERFORMED THE REPAIR AND WOULD NOT COVER THE NEW REPAIR FOR FREE, REGARDLESS IF IT WAS ORIGINALLY PERFORMED CORRECTLY OR NOT. THE CURRENT AND FAILURE MILEAGES WERE 56,… |
| Visibility | Too few reports for a range | 55,000 mi | 1 (sparse) | ODI 10312300 · 55,000 miI HAVE WINDOW SEAL FAILURE ON ALL OF THE WINDOWS OF MY 1997 BEAVER COACH. THE SEALS HAVE ALL FAILED ON THE DUAL PANE WINDOWS CAUSING FOGGY CONDITIONS BETWEEN THE 2 PANES. IT DOESN'T REALLY CREATE A SAFETY ISSUE WITH THE EXCEPTION OF THE DRIVERS SIDE WINDOW THAT HAS A FAILED SEAL AND CREATES A FOGGY CONDITION THAT MAKES IT IMPOSSIBLE TO SEE OUT THE REAR VIEW MIRROR, ALMOST CAUSING AN ACCIDENT WHEN I WAS CHANGING LANES. THE WINDOWS ARE MANUFACTURED BY SE-GI OF NORCO CALIF. I AM NOT THE ONLY PERSON WITH THIS TYPE OF FAILURE. THERE ARE THOUSANDS OF… |
Complaint and recall timeline
Explore monthly filing activity alongside recall announcements. Up to ten years of monthly history is available.
Solid line: filed complaints. Dashed amber lines: recall announcement dates for this vehicle selection; markers include all recall components. The latest month is partial. Temporal proximity does not establish causation.
Monthly counts, recall campaigns and complaint examples
| Month | Complaints | Campaigns announced | Examples |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2024-11 | 0 | None | No examples available for this selection. |
| 2024-12 | 0 | None | No examples available for this selection. |
| 2025-01 | 0 | None | No examples available for this selection. |
| 2025-02 | 0 | None | No examples available for this selection. |
| 2025-03 | 0 | None | No examples available for this selection. |
| 2025-04 | 0 | None | No examples available for this selection. |
| 2025-05 | 0 | None | No examples available for this selection. |
| 2025-06 | 0 | None | No examples available for this selection. |
| 2025-07 | 0 | None | No examples available for this selection. |
| 2025-08 | 0 | None | No examples available for this selection. |
| 2025-09 | 0 | None | No examples available for this selection. |
| 2025-10 | 0 | None | No examples available for this selection. |
| 2025-11 | 0 | None | No examples available for this selection. |
| 2025-12 | 0 | None | No examples available for this selection. |
| 2026-01 | 0 | None | No examples available for this selection. |
| 2026-02 | 0 | None | No examples available for this selection. |
| 2026-03 | 0 | None | No examples available for this selection. |
| 2026-04 | 0 | None | No examples available for this selection. |
| 2026-05 | 0 | None | No examples available for this selection. |
| 2026-06 | 0 | None | No examples available for this selection. |
| 2026-07 | 0 | None | No examples available for this selection. |
| 2026-08 | 0 | None | No examples available for this selection. |
| 2026-09 | 0 | None | No examples available for this selection. |
| 2026-10 (partial) | 0 | None | No examples available for this selection. |
Emerging complaint spikes
Complete months in the latest six months with at least 10 complaints, at least twice the preceding 12-month average, and at least three square-root deviations above that average.
This is a descriptive screening rule, not a statistical defect finding. Publicity and reporting changes can increase submissions.
No complete months meet the spike thresholds for this selection.
Equal-age model-year comparison
Model-wide cumulative reports during the first three or five calendar years, starting with the model year (age 0). Only fully elapsed windows are compared.
2009: 0 complaints · 2010: 0 complaints
| Model year | Through age 0 | Through age 1 | Through age 2 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2009 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 2010 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Date coverage across each selected cohort
| Year | Incident dates used | Filing date fallbacks | Excluded dates |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2009 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 2010 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Incident date is preferred when valid and no later than filing; otherwise filing date is used. Model year approximates age. Equal observation time does not adjust for sales, distance driven or reporting delays. One complaint linked to multiple model years can appear in each cohort.
Components reported together
Each cell counts unique complaints naming both components. Open a nonzero cell for examples.
| Component | Service Brakes, Hydraulic | Visibility |
|---|---|---|
| Service Brakes, Hydraulic | — | 0 |
| Visibility | 0 | — |
Co-reporting does not establish that one component caused another concern.
Recurring narrative patterns
Specific keyword mentions beyond broad component labels. Matching includes negations and comparisons and does not confirm a diagnosis.
0 patterns with matching reports.
No narratives match the published patterns.