1998 Suzuki SUZUKI MOTORCYCLE problems and owner complaints
Explore the records behind recurring owner reports.
Key facts
4 owner complaints analyzed
0 distinct recall campaigns
3,272 mi median reported failure mileage
Scope: 1998 model year. Data updated: . 1 complaints include usable failure mileage. View data status.
This selection has limited data. It remains available for lookup but is excluded from search indexing.
Most common problems
Power Train:Manual Transmission is the most frequently named component, appearing in 1 of 4 complaints (25.0%). A complaint can name multiple components.
| Topic | Matching reports | Share of complaints |
|---|---|---|
| Braking behavior | 3 | 75.0% |
Topic matches use published keyword rules. They describe mentions, including negations or comparisons, and do not confirm a diagnosis. Read the matching rules.
Component breakdown
Number of unique complaints naming each component. Top eight shown.
| Category | Count |
|---|---|
| Power Train:Manual Transmission | 1 |
| Service Brakes, Hydraulic | 1 |
| Service Brakes, Hydraulic:Foundation Components:Disc:Pads | 1 |
| Service Brakes, Hydraulic:Foundation Components:Drum | 1 |
| Tires | 1 |
Power Train:Manual Transmission: 1; Service Brakes, Hydraulic: 1; Service Brakes, Hydraulic:Foundation Components:Disc:Pads: 1; Service Brakes, Hydraulic:Foundation Components:Drum: 1; Tires: 1
Reported problems by failure mileage
Complaint counts in mileage bands. These are not failure rates per vehicle or mile.
| Category | Count |
|---|---|
| Under 25,000 | 1 |
| 25,000 to 49,999 | 0 |
| 50,000 to 74,999 | 0 |
| 75,000 to 99,999 | 0 |
| 100,000 to 149,999 | 0 |
| 150,000 and above | 0 |
Under 25,000: 1; 25,000 to 49,999: 0; 50,000 to 74,999: 0; 75,000 to 99,999: 0; 100,000 to 149,999: 0; 150,000 and above: 0
Under 25,000 miles has the most reports with usable mileage (1). 3 complaints have missing, zero or invalid mileage.
Complaints over time
Year the complaint was filed, not the vehicle model year or incident year. The snapshot year is partial.
| Category | Count |
|---|---|
| 1998 | 1 |
| 2000 | 1 |
| 2002 | 1 |
| 2003 | 1 |
1998: 1; 2000: 1; 2002: 1; 2003: 1
Pattern summary
Power Train:Manual Transmission leads the component reports. Braking behavior appears in 3 complaint narratives. Use these patterns to inspect individual reports and prepare questions for a mechanic.
Calculated from recorded counts. An AI narrative has not been published for this selection.
Complaint evidence
Examples provide context, not a representative sample or a verified diagnosis.
Owner report 10050890 · 2003-12-21 (December 21, 2003)
THE TRANMISSION ON MY SUZUKI MOTORCYLCE JUMPS PUT OFF 4TH GEAR. THIS IS A VERY COMMON PROBLEM WITH THE 1500 LC SERIES. THIS IS AFACTORY DEFECT ADN THE FOLLOWING WEB PAGE EXPLAINS WHY. HTTP://24.116.28.74/~4THGEAR. *AK WHY HAS THE NHTSA NOT PUSHED FOR A FACTORY RECALL OF TEH MOTORCYCLES IN ORDER TO PREVENT A DEATH OR OTHER SERIOUS BODILY HARM TO COMSUMERS? ALSO, THE BRAKES ON THESE BIKES ARE VERY POOR AS THEY WEAR OUT ION LESS THAN 2000 MILES.
Owner-reported narrative. 3,272 miles reported. Look up ODI 10050890 at NHTSA ↗
Owner report 828324 · 1998-09-29 (September 29, 1998)
BRAKES PADS PREMATURELY WEAR OUT. CAUSE UNKNOWN. DEALER CANNOT IDENTIFY THE PROBLEM. PLEASE GIVE ANY FURTHER DETAILS. *AK
Owner-reported narrative. Look up ODI 828324 at NHTSA ↗
Vehicle analysis explorer
Inspect model-year patterns, reported mileage, monthly activity and the evidence behind each signal.
Data completeness
4 unique complaints in this selection. Analysis snapshot: 2026-10-01.
Missing, zero and invalid mileage is excluded. Dates after the snapshot are excluded. Examples are limited selections, not a representative sample.
Problems by model year
Model-wide comparison of the eight most reported components across the model. Cells show counts and shares within each model year. Open a cell for source examples.
| Component | 1995 | 1996 | 1997 | 1998 | 1999 | 2000 | 2001 | 2002 | 2003 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Power Train:Manual Transmission | 00.0%No examples available for this selection. | 00.0%No examples available for this selection. | 00.0%No examples available for this selection. | 125.0%ODI 10050890 · 3,272 miTHE TRANMISSION ON MY SUZUKI MOTORCYLCE JUMPS PUT OFF 4TH GEAR. THIS IS A VERY COMMON PROBLEM WITH THE 1500 LC SERIES. THIS IS AFACTORY DEFECT ADN THE FOLLOWING WEB PAGE EXPLAINS WHY. HTTP://24.116.28.74/~4THGEAR. *AK WHY HAS THE NHTSA NOT PUSHED FOR A FACTORY RECALL OF TEH MOTORCYCLES IN ORDER TO PREVENT A DEATH OR OTHER SERIOUS BODILY HARM TO COMSUMERS? ALSO, THE BRAKES ON THESE BIKES ARE VERY POOR AS THEY WEAR OUT ION LESS THAN 2000 MILES. | 233.3%ODI 10023872 · 2,600 mi1. TRANSMISSION OCCASIONALLY DOES NOT SHIFT INTO 4TH GEAR ON UPSHIFT. INSTEAD IT GOES INTO NEUTRAL. 2. REAR BRAKES WERE COMPLETELY WORN OUT AND HAD TO BE REPLACED AT 2,600 MILES. *JB | 850.0%ODI 10014312 · 3,000 miSEVERAL OWNERS OF THE SUZUKI 1500LC MOTORCYCLE, INCLUDING MYSELF, HAVE EXPERIENCED A DEFECTIVE TRANSMISSION THAT SLIPS OUT OF GEAR INTO A NEUTRAL POSITION. SUZUKI HAS YET TO ACKNOWLEDGE THAT THERE IS A PROBLEM OR ISSUE A RECALL. THIS IS A VERY DANGEROUS FLAW THAT WILL EVENTUALLY CAUSE SERIOUS INJURY OR DEATH. *NLM | 125.0% | 416.7% | 28.3%ODI 10043263 · 4,885 miUNABLE TO GET TRANSMISSION INTO NEUTRAL AFTER A LONG OR HARD RUN. *LA |
| Engine And Engine Cooling:Engine | 00.0%No examples available for this selection. | 00.0%No examples available for this selection. | 00.0%No examples available for this selection. | 00.0%No examples available for this selection. | 00.0%No examples available for this selection. | 212.5%ODI 720224OIL BAFFLE WAS REPORTED TO BE A BAD DESIGN, NHTSA SHOULD ALREADY KNOW ABOUT RECALL, PLEASE UPDATE DATABASE. *AK | 125.0%ODI 10009195 · 1 miDEFECTIVE PISTON/RINGS-ENGINE SMOKES, USES EXCESSIVE OIL. *TS ***DIMSII IVOQ ENTRY POSTED AFTER 12-12-02 CUT OVER TO ARTEMIS***761439 | 520.8%ODI 10009196 · 600 mi(SUZUKI GS650 2002) THIS COMPLAINT CONCERNS THE ENGINES OF MOST 2001/2002 SUZUKI BANDIT 1200 MOTORCYCLES. HUNDREDS OF OWNERS HAVE EXPERIENCED SMOKING AND HIGH OIL CONSUMPTION SINCE BUYING THIS MOTORCYCLE. THEY CERTAINLY CANNOT PASS EPA EMISSIONS STANDARDS IF THEY SMOKE. *TS ***DIMSII IVOQ ENTRY POSTED AFTER 12-12-02 CUT OVER TO ARTEMIS***761433 | 28.3% |
| Engine And Engine Cooling:Engine:Gasoline | 00.0%No examples available for this selection. | 120.0% | 120.0%ODI 519126CLUTCH ASSEMBLY SLIPS. IN ADDITION, ELECTRONIC CONTROL MODULE FAILS, CAUSING VEHICLE TO STALL/STUMBLE. ALSO WATER PUMP LEAK/OIL LEAK. *AK | 00.0%No examples available for this selection. | 116.7%ODI 546048VEHICLE HAS HAD CONTINUED ENGINE PROBLEMS SINCE PURCHASE, REPAIR ATTEMPT LED TO ADDITION ENGINE FAILURES. MJS (ATTORNEY FOR CONSUMER). | 16.3%ODI 742512I HAVE BEEN TOLD THAT THERE IS A RECALL FOR THIS PROBLEM, BUT SUZUKI HAS PROVIDED NO NOTIFICATION OR REPAIR. NO SAFETY DEFECT LISTED. *AK | 125.0%ODI 741212I OWN A 2001 SUZUKI MARAUDER 800CC MOTORCYCLE. I CURRENTLY HAVE 888 MILES ON IT. IN THE SHORT TIME I HAVE OWNED IT AN ELECTRICAL PROBLEM HAS OCCURRED WHERE I LOSE ALL POWER TO THE MOTORCYCLE. NO LIGHTS, NO IGNITION, NO POWER, NO NOTHING. THIS HAS HAPPENED TO ME THREE TIMES WHILE RIDING IT. ONCE I WAS TRAVELING 65 MILES PER HOUR AND THE OTHER TIMES IT HAPPENED AS I WAS TAKING OFF FROM A DEAD STOP. IT SEEMS TO HAPPEN ONLY AFTER I TURN ON MY HI-BEAMS AND THE PROBLEM IS INTERMITTENT. THE ALAMO CYCLE-PLEX (WHERE I BOUGHT THE BIKE) HAS BEEN UNABLE TO… | 312.5%ODI 10005717 · 1,000 miFAILURE OF SUZUKI MOTORCYCLE TO REPLACE DEFECTIVE PISTONS IN 2001-2002 SUZUKI BANDIT MOTORCYCLES (GSF 1200). THEY ISSUED A TSB SAYING THEY WOULD DO SO IF THE MOTORCYCLE BURNED MORE THAN 1 QUART IN 600 (NOT A MISPRINT) MILES. THAT'S ALMOST A GALLON BETWEEN OIL CHANGES RELEASED INTO THE ATMOSPHERE. PLEASE SEE SUZUKI TSB #129. I BELIEVE THAT AT THAT RATE OF CONSUMPTION ENGINE SEIZURE AT SPEED COULD BECOME AN ISSUE RESULTING IN INJURY AND DEATH TO THE RIDER. SEE RELATED INFORMATION AT: HTTP://WWW.MAXIMUM-SUZUKI.COM/IBF/INDEX.PHP?S=95E46471B8A… | 00.0%No examples available for this selection. |
| Exterior Lighting:Headlights | 00.0%No examples available for this selection. | 00.0%No examples available for this selection. | 00.0%No examples available for this selection. | 00.0%No examples available for this selection. | 00.0%No examples available for this selection. | 00.0%No examples available for this selection. | 00.0%No examples available for this selection. | 28.3%ODI 10047741POOR FRONT LIGHTING WHICH DETERIORATES OVER TIME AND MILES ON 2002 SUZUKI GSF1200S (BANDIT). *AK | 312.5%ODI 10058183I HAVE A 2003 SUZUKI GSF1200S BANDIT. AND MY LIGHTING HAS DEGRADED SIGNIFIGANTLY AND HAS A BLACK RESIDUE LOCATED AT THE LENS OPSTUCTING THE LIGHT WITH THIS FILM. THIS MOTORCYCLE HAS CONDENSER STYLE LIGHTS AND THE OUTPUT IS SEVERLY REDUCED MAKING IT HARD TO SEE AT NIGHT.*AK |
| Fuel System, Gasoline | 233.3%ODI 504145BATTERY BOTTOM COVER BOLTS CAME LOOSE, FELL ONTO ROADWAY. *SD | 00.0%No examples available for this selection. | 120.0%ODI 10093628 · 28,000 miNHTSA CAMPAIGN ID NUMBER : 98V133000. VEHICLE REPAIR WAS IMPLEMENTED UPON YOUR RECALL IN 1998. NO EVIDENCE OF GASKET FAILURE EXISTED AT THAT TIME. RECENTLY THIS IMPROVED GASKET FAILED, RESULTING IN FUEL LEAKING TO THE EXTENT THAT A PUDDLE WAS EVIDENT. AS OF THIS TIME, SUZUKI HAS FAILED TO PROVIDE DELIVERY OF A REPLACEMENT GASKET.*AK | 00.0%No examples available for this selection. | 00.0%No examples available for this selection. | 00.0%No examples available for this selection. | 00.0%No examples available for this selection. | 00.0%No examples available for this selection. | 28.3%ODI 10086703TO WHOM IT MAY VCONCERN. LAST WEEK I RECEIVED A SAFETY RECALL FROM SUZUKI MOTOR. REFERENCE A 2003 SUZUKI, VZ800K3 MOTORCYCLE, I PURCHASED ON 07/05/04 FROM QUINSEY POWERSPORT OF EL CAJO, CALIFORNIA. WHEN I CONTACTED THE DEALER TO HAVE THE WORK PERFORMED ON SAID MOTORCYCLE I WAS TOLD BY THE MANAGER OF SERVICE TO RIDE THE BIKE IN AND 3 DAYS IT WILL BE READY. HOW COULD A RIDE IN A BIKE THAT THE MANUFACTURER STATES " DO NOT RIDE YOUR CALIFORNIA MODEL". I HAVE CALLED PEOPLE AT THE DEALER AND AT THE MANUFACTURER WITHOUT GETTING A STRAY ANSWER Y… |
| Fuel System, Gasoline:Storage:Tank Assembly | 00.0%No examples available for this selection. | 00.0%No examples available for this selection. | 120.0% | 00.0%No examples available for this selection. | 00.0%No examples available for this selection. | 16.3%ODI 10022429FUEL LEAKED OUT OF THE TOP OF THE GAS TANK WHILE IN IDLE AND DRIVING. SUZUKI VZ800 2000 MOTORCYCLE. *JB | 00.0%No examples available for this selection. | 14.2%ODI 10090455 · 6,500 miI HAVE A 2002 SUZUKI INTRUDER 1500,MOTORCYCLE, I RECENTLY SMELLED GAS COMING FROM THE BIKE, I THEN DISCOVERED A CRACK IN THE FUEL TANK ITSELF,I AM ON A 1500 INTRUDER FORUM AND THERE ARE APROX. 20 OR SO OTHERS THAT HAVE EXPERIENCED HAVE THE SAME CRACK IN THE SAME PLACE ON THE TANK, THIS IS A MAJOR DEFECT THAT THE SUZUKI CORP CHOOSES TO IGNORE. OTHERS ON OUR FORUM HAVE CONTACTED THEM AND WITH NO LUCK, THERE ARE A FEW THAT HAD THEM REPLACED THAT WERE STILL UNDER WARRANTY, MINE IS OUT OF WARRANTY BUT THIS DOES SEEM LIKE A MAJOR SAFETY CONCERN. MYS… | 28.3%ODI 10100718I HAVE A 2003 SUZUKI INTRUDER LC1500. IT IS 2 MONTHS OUT OF WARRANTY AND HAS 5,100 MILES ON THE ODOMETER. RECENTLY I STARTED SMELLING GAS AND, AWARE THAT OTHERS HAVE HAD CRACKS IN THEIR FUEL TANKS THROUGH THE LC FORUM, CHECKED THE SUSPECT AREA OF THE TANK. THERE WAS RESIDUE, I CLEANED THE TANK AND RECHECKED IT YESTERDAY. THERE WAS NEW RESIDUE AND THE CRACK IS VISIBLE.*AK |
| Power Train:Clutch Assembly | 00.0%No examples available for this selection. | 00.0%No examples available for this selection. | 120.0%ODI 519126CLUTCH ASSEMBLY SLIPS. IN ADDITION, ELECTRONIC CONTROL MODULE FAILS, CAUSING VEHICLE TO STALL/STUMBLE. ALSO WATER PUMP LEAK/OIL LEAK. *AK | 00.0%No examples available for this selection. | 00.0%No examples available for this selection. | 00.0%No examples available for this selection. | 00.0%No examples available for this selection. | 312.5%ODI 10021173 · 19,808 miVEHICLE EXHIBITS EXTREME NOISE AND VIBRATION FROM CLUTCH AREA. VISUAL INSPECTION SHOWS CLUCTH BASKET ASSEMBLY TO BE EXTREMELY SLOPPY IN FIT. OTHER OWNERS (REFERENCE: HTTP://AUTOS.GROUPS.YAHOO.COM/GROUP/VSTROM2/DATABASE?METHOD=REPORTROWS&TBL=4) REPORT CLUTCH BASKET REPLACEMENT UNDER WARRANTY RESOLVES SIMILAR COMPLAINTS. BUT MANUFACTURER IS REPLACING PROBLEM PART WITH IDENTICAL UNIT. I BELIEVE THEY NEED TO BE 'URGED' TO REDESIGN PART PROPERLY, AND RETROFIT ALL AFFECTED VEHICLES.*AK | 14.2%ODI 10015103THE MOTORCYCLE HAD A DEFECTIVE CLUTCH. "SUZUKI MODEL# AN650 YEAR 2003". *JB |
| Service Brakes, Hydraulic:Foundation Components:Disc:Pads | 00.0%No examples available for this selection. | 00.0%No examples available for this selection. | 00.0%No examples available for this selection. | 125.0%ODI 828324BRAKES PADS PREMATURELY WEAR OUT. CAUSE UNKNOWN. DEALER CANNOT IDENTIFY THE PROBLEM. PLEASE GIVE ANY FURTHER DETAILS. *AK | 116.7%ODI 10023872 · 2,600 mi1. TRANSMISSION OCCASIONALLY DOES NOT SHIFT INTO 4TH GEAR ON UPSHIFT. INSTEAD IT GOES INTO NEUTRAL. 2. REAR BRAKES WERE COMPLETELY WORN OUT AND HAD TO BE REPLACED AT 2,600 MILES. *JB | 00.0%No examples available for this selection. | 00.0%No examples available for this selection. | 14.2%ODI 10065406 · 2,800 miFRONT BRAKE PADS WORE OUT AT 2800 MILES. ALSO, HEAD GASKETS LEAKED OIL. *AK PROBLEM STILL EXISTS WITH THE HEAD GASKET LEAKING OIL. REAR SHOCKS STICKING ON MOTORCYCLE AND WAS REPAIRED UNDER WARRANTY. *LA | 00.0%No examples available for this selection. |
Darker cells indicate a larger share of submitted complaints. Components overlap. This measures complaint composition, not failure probability.
Failure mileage by component
Median and middle 50% of usable owner-reported mileages. Ranges require at least five records.
| Component | Mileage range (25th–75th percentile) | Median | Usable records | Examples |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Power Train:Manual Transmission | Too few reports for a range | 3,272 mi | 1 (sparse) | ODI 10050890 · 3,272 miTHE TRANMISSION ON MY SUZUKI MOTORCYLCE JUMPS PUT OFF 4TH GEAR. THIS IS A VERY COMMON PROBLEM WITH THE 1500 LC SERIES. THIS IS AFACTORY DEFECT ADN THE FOLLOWING WEB PAGE EXPLAINS WHY. HTTP://24.116.28.74/~4THGEAR. *AK WHY HAS THE NHTSA NOT PUSHED FOR A FACTORY RECALL OF TEH MOTORCYCLES IN ORDER TO PREVENT A DEATH OR OTHER SERIOUS BODILY HARM TO COMSUMERS? ALSO, THE BRAKES ON THESE BIKES ARE VERY POOR AS THEY WEAR OUT ION LESS THAN 2000 MILES. |
Complaint and recall timeline
Explore monthly filing activity alongside recall announcements. Up to ten years of monthly history is available.
Solid line: filed complaints. Dashed amber lines: recall announcement dates for this vehicle selection; markers include all recall components. The latest month is partial. Temporal proximity does not establish causation.
Monthly counts, recall campaigns and complaint examples
| Month | Complaints | Campaigns announced | Examples |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2024-11 | 0 | None | No examples available for this selection. |
| 2024-12 | 0 | None | No examples available for this selection. |
| 2025-01 | 0 | None | No examples available for this selection. |
| 2025-02 | 0 | None | No examples available for this selection. |
| 2025-03 | 0 | None | No examples available for this selection. |
| 2025-04 | 0 | None | No examples available for this selection. |
| 2025-05 | 0 | None | No examples available for this selection. |
| 2025-06 | 0 | None | No examples available for this selection. |
| 2025-07 | 0 | None | No examples available for this selection. |
| 2025-08 | 0 | None | No examples available for this selection. |
| 2025-09 | 0 | None | No examples available for this selection. |
| 2025-10 | 0 | None | No examples available for this selection. |
| 2025-11 | 0 | None | No examples available for this selection. |
| 2025-12 | 0 | None | No examples available for this selection. |
| 2026-01 | 0 | None | No examples available for this selection. |
| 2026-02 | 0 | None | No examples available for this selection. |
| 2026-03 | 0 | None | No examples available for this selection. |
| 2026-04 | 0 | None | No examples available for this selection. |
| 2026-05 | 0 | None | No examples available for this selection. |
| 2026-06 | 0 | None | No examples available for this selection. |
| 2026-07 | 0 | None | No examples available for this selection. |
| 2026-08 | 0 | None | No examples available for this selection. |
| 2026-09 | 0 | None | No examples available for this selection. |
| 2026-10 (partial) | 0 | None | No examples available for this selection. |
Emerging complaint spikes
Complete months in the latest six months with at least 10 complaints, at least twice the preceding 12-month average, and at least three square-root deviations above that average.
This is a descriptive screening rule, not a statistical defect finding. Publicity and reporting changes can increase submissions.
No complete months meet the spike thresholds for this selection.
Equal-age model-year comparison
Model-wide cumulative reports during the first three or five calendar years, starting with the model year (age 0). Only fully elapsed windows are compared.
2002: 23 complaints · 2003: 24 complaints
| Model year | Through age 0 | Through age 1 | Through age 2 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2002 | 4 | 17 | 23 |
| 2003 | 13 | 22 | 24 |
Date coverage across each selected cohort
| Year | Incident dates used | Filing date fallbacks | Excluded dates |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2002 | 21 | 2 | 1 |
| 2003 | 22 | 2 | 0 |
Incident date is preferred when valid and no later than filing; otherwise filing date is used. Model year approximates age. Equal observation time does not adjust for sales, distance driven or reporting delays. One complaint linked to multiple model years can appear in each cohort.
Components reported together
Each cell counts unique complaints naming both components. Open a nonzero cell for examples.
| Component | Power Train:Manual Transmission | Service Brakes, Hydraulic | Service Brakes, Hydraulic:Foundation Components:Disc:Pads | Service Brakes, Hydraulic:Foundation Components:Drum | Tires |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Power Train:Manual Transmission | — | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Service Brakes, Hydraulic | 0 | — | 0 | 1ODI 862496CONSUMER WAS TRAVELING 55MPH & THE BOLT TO THE BRAKE DRUM BROKE LOOSE. CONSUMER WENT TO STEP ON THE BRAKES & THE BRAKE CABLE SNAPPED. NO BRAKES & THE HUB ON THE BACK WHEEL SPUN AROUND WHICH WASN'T SUPPOSE TO HAPPEN. DEALER ORDERED THE PARTS, BUT WILL NOT PAY FOR REPAIRS. *AK | 0 |
| Service Brakes, Hydraulic:Foundation Components:Disc:Pads | 0 | 0 | — | 0 | 0 |
| Service Brakes, Hydraulic:Foundation Components:Drum | 0 | 1ODI 862496CONSUMER WAS TRAVELING 55MPH & THE BOLT TO THE BRAKE DRUM BROKE LOOSE. CONSUMER WENT TO STEP ON THE BRAKES & THE BRAKE CABLE SNAPPED. NO BRAKES & THE HUB ON THE BACK WHEEL SPUN AROUND WHICH WASN'T SUPPOSE TO HAPPEN. DEALER ORDERED THE PARTS, BUT WILL NOT PAY FOR REPAIRS. *AK | 0 | — | 0 |
| Tires | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | — |
Co-reporting does not establish that one component caused another concern.
Recurring narrative patterns
Specific keyword mentions beyond broad component labels. Matching includes negations and comparisons and does not confirm a diagnosis.
0 patterns with matching reports.
No narratives match the published patterns.