U.S. public vehicle records

2004 Honda ST1300A: complaints, problems and recalls

Explore the records behind recurring owner reports.

Key facts

3 owner complaints analyzed

2 distinct recall campaigns

27,879 mi median reported failure mileage

Scope: 2004 model year. Data updated: 2026-09-30 (September 30, 2026). 2 complaints include usable failure mileage. View data status.

Owner-reported patterns

Most common problems

Electrical System is the most frequently named component, appearing in 1 of 3 complaints (33.3%). A complaint can name multiple components.

Recurring terms in complaint narratives
Topic	Matching reports	Share of complaints
Braking behavior	1	33.3%
Electrical and battery issues	1	33.3%
Fuel system concerns	1	33.3%

Topic matches use published keyword rules. They describe mentions, including negations or comparisons, and do not confirm a diagnosis. Read the matching rules.

Component breakdown

Number of unique complaints naming each component. Top eight shown.

Electrical System

Engine And Engine Cooling:Engine

Fuel/Propulsion System

Electrical System: 1; Engine And Engine Cooling:Engine: 1; Fuel/Propulsion System: 1

Reported problems by failure mileage

Complaint counts in mileage bands. These are not failure rates per vehicle or mile.

Under 25,000

25,000 to 49,999

50,000 to 74,999

75,000 to 99,999

100,000 to 149,999

150,000 and above

Under 25,000: 1; 25,000 to 49,999: 1; 50,000 to 74,999: 0; 75,000 to 99,999: 0; 100,000 to 149,999: 0; 150,000 and above: 0

Under 25,000 miles has the most reports with usable mileage (1). 1 complaints have missing, zero or invalid mileage.

Complaints over time

Year the complaint was filed, not the vehicle model year or incident year. The snapshot year is partial.

2005

2007

2012

2005: 1; 2007: 1; 2012: 1

Pattern summary

Electrical System leads the component reports. Braking behavior appears in 1 complaint narratives. Electrical and battery issues appears in 1 complaint narratives. Fuel system concerns appears in 1 complaint narratives. Use these patterns to inspect individual reports and prepare questions for a mechanic.

Calculated from recorded counts. An AI narrative has not been published for this selection.

Examples from the source records

Examples provide context, not a representative sample or a verified diagnosis.

Owner report 10110682 · 2005-02-17 (February 17, 2005)

FACTORY RECALLS - HONDA MOTORCYCLE 2004 ST1300 I RECEIVED A RECALL FOR AN ELECTRICAL PROBLEM IN DECEMBER. I HAVE CONTACTED 3 DEALERSHIPS IN MY COUNTY & 2 ADJACENT COUNTIES. NONE OF THE DEALERSHIPS HAVE THE PARTS TO REPAIR THE PROBLEM TO DATE. ALL 3 DEALERSHIPS TELL ME THE SAME THING, THAT THEY WILL ONLY RECEIVE THE REPAIR KIT FOR THE NUMBER OF ST1300 MODELS SOLD FROM THEIR DEALERSHIP. IN ADDITION, NONE OF THE DEALERS HAVE RECEIVED THE PARTS. I HAVE RECEIVED A SECOND RECALL FOR ANOTHER BRAKE PROBLEM. I AM CONCERNED THAT I WILL HAVE A SIMILAR W…

Owner-reported narrative. Look up ODI 10110682 at NHTSA ↗

Owner report 10205152 · 2007-10-07 (October 7, 2007)

THE HEAT FROM THE ENGINE COMPARTMENT IS NOT VENTED OR ROUTED PROPERLY, CAUSING 450 DEGREE FAHRENHEIT TEMPERATURES TO VENT ACROSS THE MOTORCYCLE OPERATORS LEGS, CAUSING PAIN AND DISCOMFORT. THE TEMPERATURE IS HOT ENOUGH TO CAUSE PHYSICAL PAIN WHEN THE PLASTIC SURROUND THE LEG AREA IS TOUCHED. THIS PROBLEM IS PANDEMIC TO MOST OF THE ST1300'S ON THE ROAD. I CAN PROVIDE THE NAMES OF HUNDREDS PERHAPS THOUSANDS OF OWNERS WHO HAVE THE EXACT SAME PROBLEM I AM DESCRIBING. THE DEALERS TO INCLUDE HONDA NORTH AMERICA HAVE NO RESOLUTION FOR THIS, EXCEPT …

Owner-reported narrative. 18,000 miles reported. Look up ODI 10205152 at NHTSA ↗

Owner report 10470513 · 2012-08-14 (August 14, 2012)

MOTORCYCLE DEMONSTRATED ONCE BEFORE THE BOILING OF FUEL IN FULL FUEL TANK AFTER DRIVING. A COUPLE OF WEEKENDS LATER I DECIDED THAT I WOULD REMOVE THE FUEL FROM THE TANK BECAUSE I BELIEVED THAT THE GAS MAY HAVE CONTAINED TOO MUCH ALCOHOL WHICH MAY BOIL AT A LOWER TEMPERATURE. I REMOVED ALL BUT ABOUT 2 GALLONS OUT OF THE 7.7 GALLON TANK. I RODE TO A FUEL STATION AND REFILLED TO ABOUT 3/4 OF AN INCH BELOW THE FULL MARK. I LEFT SOME EXPANSION SPACE DUE TO THE HOT WEATHER. THE OPERATING TEMPERATURE OF THE BIKE WAS NORMAL AS ALWAYS. UPON RETURNING …

Owner-reported narrative. 37,758 miles reported. Look up ODI 10470513 at NHTSA ↗

Recall history

2 distinct campaigns affect this selection. Announcement dates below are different from vehicle model years. A campaign may cover multiple years.

04V568000 · Electrical System:Wiring

Reported: 2004-12-09 (December 9, 2004)

ON CERTAIN MOTORCYCLES, THE MAIN WIRE HARNESS HAS A GROUND DISTRIBUTION CONNECTOR THAT IS INCORRECTLY ASSEMBLED. SOME ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS MAY OVERHEAT AND SHORT, INCLUDING THE FUEL PUMP.

Consequence: IF THE FUEL PUMP STOPS WORKING, THE ENGINE WILL STALL WITHOUT WARNING, WHICH COULD CAUSE A CRASH.

Remedy: DEALERS WILL INSPECT THE GROUND DISTRIBUTION CONNECTOR FOR OVERHEATING DAMAGE. IF ANY DAMAGE IS FOUND, THE WIRE HARNESS WILL BE REPLACED. IF NO DAMAGE IS FOUND, THE CONNECTORS WILL BE ASSEMBLED PROPERLY. THE RECALL BEGAN ON DECEMBER 8, 2004. OWNERS SHOULD CONTACT HONDA AT 866-784-1870.

NHTSA campaign record ↗

05V010000 · Service Brakes, Hydraulic

Reported: 2005-01-24 (January 24, 2005)

CERTAIN MOTORCYCLES EQUIPPED WITH COMBINED-BRAKE SYSTEMS HAVE A PROPORTIONING CONTROL VALVE (PCV) THAT MECHANICALLY PROPORTIONS BRAKE FORCE WHEN THE REAR BRAKE IS APPLIED. A SEAL IN SOME PCVS IS IMPROPERLY SHAPED, AND BRAKE FLUID LEAKAGE MAY OCCUR.

Consequence: IF THE MOTORCYCLE CONTINUES TO BE USED AFTER A LEAK OCCURS, THE REAR BRAKE WOULD EVENTUALLY BECOME INOPERATIVE. A LOSS OF REAR BRAKE FORCE COULD INCREASE THE RISK OF A CRASH.

Remedy: DEALERS WILL INSPECT THE REAR BRAKE FORLEAKAGE. IF LEAKAGE IS CONFIRMED, THE DEALER WILL REPLACE THE PCV FREE OF CHARGE. THE RECALL BEGAN ON JANUARY 31, 2005. OWNERS MAY CONTACT HONDA AT 866-784-1870.

NHTSA campaign record ↗

Explore the data

Vehicle analysis explorer

Inspect model-year patterns, reported mileage, monthly activity and the evidence behind each signal.

Data completeness

3 unique complaints in this selection. Analysis snapshot: 2026-09-30.

66.7%Usable mileage2 / 3 records

100.0%Valid incident date3 / 3 records

100.0%Valid filing date3 / 3 records

100.0%Ordered incident and filing dates3 / 3 records

Missing, zero and invalid mileage is excluded. Dates after the snapshot are excluded. Examples are limited selections, not a representative sample.

Problems by model year

Model-wide comparison of the eight most reported components across the model. Cells show counts and shares within each model year. Open a cell for source examples.

From model yearThrough model year

Component complaint heatmap
Component	2003	2004	2006	2008	2009	2010	2012
Service Brakes	00.0% No examples available for this selection.	00.0% No examples available for this selection.	375.0% ODI 10464621 · 20,000 mi AFTER TRAVELING ABOUT FOUR MILES AT LOW SPEED ON A SECONDARY ROAD, THE REAR BRAKE OF THE MOTORCYCLE SUDDENLY LOCKED UP AND I CAME TO AN ABRUPT HALT IN THE LINE OF TRAFFIC. I WAS UNABLE TO PUSH THE MOTORCYCLE OFF THE ROAD AND HAD TO CALL A WRECKER TO TAKE IT TO THE HONDA DEALER. I WAS TOLD THAT THERE WAS A MALFUNCTION OF THE SECONDARY MASTER CYLINDER. WHEN I ASKED TO SEE THE PART THAT HAD FAILED, I WAS TOLD THAT HONDA HAD REQUESTED THAT THE PART BE SENT TO THEM FOR ANALYSIS. THE DEALER TOLD ME THAT THEY HAD NEVER SEEN OR HEARD OF THIS TYPE OF MA… Look up ODI 10464621 at NHTSA ↗	00.0% No examples available for this selection.	0Unavailable No examples available for this selection.	00.0% No examples available for this selection.	1100.0% ODI 11022319 · 12,500 mi OUT RIDING AND MY REAR TIRE WAS LOCKING UP IF I WAS APPLYING THE REAR BRAKES BUT I WASNT.. SO I RODE DOWN HWY 124 IN SNELLVILLE GA.AND STOPPED AT A GAS STATION AND SOMETHING UNDER THE SEAT ON THE RIGHT SIDE BLEW UP AND IT WAS A BIG WHITE SMOKE COMIING FROM IT... AFTER THAT MY REAR WHEEL WAS MOVING FREELY AGAIN BUT I HAD NO REAR BRAKES JUST THE FRONT BRAKE WERE WORKING! Look up ODI 11022319 at NHTSA ↗
Service Brakes, Hydraulic	00.0% No examples available for this selection.	00.0% No examples available for this selection.	125.0% ODI 10282404 · 20,000 mi I OWN A 2006 HONDA ST1300 MOTORCYCLE WITH AN ANTILOCK BRAKING SYSTEM AND LINKED BRAKES. WITH THE LINKED BRAKE SYSTEM THE FOOT BRAKE CONTROLS THE CENTER PISTON ON THE REAR BRAKE ROTOR AND THE CENTER PISTON ON EACH OF THE TWO FRONT ROTORS - FOR A TOTAL OF THREE PISTONS. THE FRONT BRAKE LEVER CONTROLS THE TWO OUTER PISTONS ON EACH OF THE TWO FRONT ROTORS AND THE TWO OUTER PISTONS ON THE REAR BRAKE ROTOR - FOR A TOTAL OF SIX PISTONS. THE FRONT BRAKE LEVER OPERATES THE REAR TWO PISTONS BY MEANS OF A SECONDARY MASTER BRAKE CYLINDER WHICH IS LOCA… Look up ODI 10282404 at NHTSA ↗	2100.0% ODI 10450194 · 600 mi THE REAR BRAKE ON MY MOTORCYCLE STARTED STICKING/GRABBING AND NOT RELEASING FROM TIME TO TIME.THEN IT STARTED TO HAPPEN MORE OFTEN TO THE POINT WHERE I HAD TO BRING IT IN TO THE HONDA DEALER FOR REPAIR.ON NOVEMBER 5, 2011 THEY RECEIVED MY MOTORCYCLE FOR SERVICE AND IT WAS NOT RETURNED TO ME UNTIL FEBRUARY 9, 2012. THE HONDA DEALER INFORMED ME THE STICKING/GRABBING PROBLEM WAS "FIXED". WHEN I INQUIRED WHAT CAUSED THE PROBLEM THEY COULD NOT TELL ME BECAUSE THEY HAD REPLACED SO MANY DIFFERENT PARTS THAT THEY COULDN'T PIN POINT WHAT THE PROBLEM REA… Look up ODI 10450194 at NHTSA ↗	0Unavailable No examples available for this selection.	1100.0% ODI 10438861 · 6,500 mi REAR WHEEL BRAKE PRESSURE WOULD NOT RELEASE AFTER FRONT BRAKES WERE APPLIED AND RELEASED. THIS CAUSED EXCESSIVE HEAT BUILD UP IN THE REAR BRAKES. WAS ABLE TO GET THE REAR BRAKE PRESSURE TO RELEASE BY PULLING ON THE FRONT BRAKE SECONDARY MASTER CYLINDER. THE 1ST TIME THIS OCCURRED CAUGHT ME UNAWARE OF THE POTENTIAL FOR THE REAR BRAKE TO DRAG. I HAVE HAD THIS HAPPEN NOW 5 MORE TIMES. *TR Look up ODI 10438861 at NHTSA ↗	00.0% No examples available for this selection.
Electrical System:Wiring	360.0% ODI 10110919 HONDA MOTORCYCLE WIRING HARNESS SAFETY RECALL. NM RECALL CAMPAIGN : 04V568000. THE CONSUMER STATED THAT HE IS HAVING DIFFICULTY GETTING HONDA TO COMPLY WITH THE SAFETY RECALL OF HIS MOTORCYCLE. THE CONSUMER STATED THAT THE PROBLEM CENTERS ON THE FACT THAT AMERICAN HONDA ISSUES PARTS REQUIRED BY THE RECALL TO THE SELLING DEALER. AMERICAN HONDA WILL NOT SEND PARTS TO THE LOCAL DEALER, THEY WILL ONLY SEND PARTS TO THE SELLING DEALER AND THE CONSUMER PURCHASED THE MOTORCYCLE IN OHIO, AND HE DOES NOT LIVE THERE. TC Look up ODI 10110919 at NHTSA ↗	00.0% No examples available for this selection.	00.0% No examples available for this selection.	00.0% No examples available for this selection.	0Unavailable No examples available for this selection.	00.0% No examples available for this selection.	00.0% No examples available for this selection.
Tires	240.0% ODI 10339726 · 13,861 mi I HAD THE FRONT DUNLOP ROADSMART TIRE OF MY MOTOR CYCLE DEVELOP A LARGE BLISTER AFTER A RIDE OF APPROX. 60 MILES.(TOTAL TIRE MILEAGE IS 13,800M) THE BLISTER SIZE IS 4 INCHES LONG, 2 INCHES WIDE AND 0.5INCHES HIGH. THIS CAUSED A DANGEROUS VIBRATION THROUGH THE MOTORCYCLE AND BADLY AFFECTED THE HANDLING OF THE MOTORCYCLE. THE TIRE SIZE IS 120/70/ZR18. THE PRESSURE WAS SET AT THE RECOMMENDED PRESSURE BY THE MANUFACTURER (42PSI) AND THERE WERE NO ROAD HAZARDS ENCOUNTERED AT THE TIME THE BLISTER OCCURRED. A COMPLAINT E-MAIL WAS SENT TO DUNLOP ON 6/… Look up ODI 10339726 at NHTSA ↗	00.0% No examples available for this selection.	00.0% No examples available for this selection.	00.0% No examples available for this selection.	0Unavailable No examples available for this selection.	00.0% No examples available for this selection.	00.0% No examples available for this selection.
Electrical System	00.0% No examples available for this selection.	133.3% ODI 10110682 FACTORY RECALLS - HONDA MOTORCYCLE 2004 ST1300 I RECEIVED A RECALL FOR AN ELECTRICAL PROBLEM IN DECEMBER. I HAVE CONTACTED 3 DEALERSHIPS IN MY COUNTY & 2 ADJACENT COUNTIES. NONE OF THE DEALERSHIPS HAVE THE PARTS TO REPAIR THE PROBLEM TO DATE. ALL 3 DEALERSHIPS TELL ME THE SAME THING, THAT THEY WILL ONLY RECEIVE THE REPAIR KIT FOR THE NUMBER OF ST1300 MODELS SOLD FROM THEIR DEALERSHIP. IN ADDITION, NONE OF THE DEALERS HAVE RECEIVED THE PARTS. I HAVE RECEIVED A SECOND RECALL FOR ANOTHER BRAKE PROBLEM. I AM CONCERNED THAT I WILL HAVE A SIMILAR W… Look up ODI 10110682 at NHTSA ↗	00.0% No examples available for this selection.	00.0% No examples available for this selection.	0Unavailable No examples available for this selection.	00.0% No examples available for this selection.	00.0% No examples available for this selection.
Engine And Engine Cooling:Engine	00.0% No examples available for this selection.	133.3% ODI 10205152 · 18,000 mi THE HEAT FROM THE ENGINE COMPARTMENT IS NOT VENTED OR ROUTED PROPERLY, CAUSING 450 DEGREE FAHRENHEIT TEMPERATURES TO VENT ACROSS THE MOTORCYCLE OPERATORS LEGS, CAUSING PAIN AND DISCOMFORT. THE TEMPERATURE IS HOT ENOUGH TO CAUSE PHYSICAL PAIN WHEN THE PLASTIC SURROUND THE LEG AREA IS TOUCHED. THIS PROBLEM IS PANDEMIC TO MOST OF THE ST1300'S ON THE ROAD. I CAN PROVIDE THE NAMES OF HUNDREDS PERHAPS THOUSANDS OF OWNERS WHO HAVE THE EXACT SAME PROBLEM I AM DESCRIBING. THE DEALERS TO INCLUDE HONDA NORTH AMERICA HAVE NO RESOLUTION FOR THIS, EXCEPT … Look up ODI 10205152 at NHTSA ↗	00.0% No examples available for this selection.	00.0% No examples available for this selection.	0Unavailable No examples available for this selection.	00.0% No examples available for this selection.	00.0% No examples available for this selection.
Fuel/Propulsion System	00.0% No examples available for this selection.	133.3% ODI 10470513 · 37,758 mi MOTORCYCLE DEMONSTRATED ONCE BEFORE THE BOILING OF FUEL IN FULL FUEL TANK AFTER DRIVING. A COUPLE OF WEEKENDS LATER I DECIDED THAT I WOULD REMOVE THE FUEL FROM THE TANK BECAUSE I BELIEVED THAT THE GAS MAY HAVE CONTAINED TOO MUCH ALCOHOL WHICH MAY BOIL AT A LOWER TEMPERATURE. I REMOVED ALL BUT ABOUT 2 GALLONS OUT OF THE 7.7 GALLON TANK. I RODE TO A FUEL STATION AND REFILLED TO ABOUT 3/4 OF AN INCH BELOW THE FULL MARK. I LEFT SOME EXPANSION SPACE DUE TO THE HOT WEATHER. THE OPERATING TEMPERATURE OF THE BIKE WAS NORMAL AS ALWAYS. UPON RETURNING … Look up ODI 10470513 at NHTSA ↗	00.0% No examples available for this selection.	00.0% No examples available for this selection.	0Unavailable No examples available for this selection.	00.0% No examples available for this selection.	00.0% No examples available for this selection.

Darker cells indicate a larger share of submitted complaints. Components overlap. This measures complaint composition, not failure probability.

Failure mileage by component

Median and middle 50% of usable owner-reported mileages. Ranges require at least five records.

Component failure mileage distribution
Component	Mileage range (25th–75th percentile)	Median	Usable records	Examples
Engine And Engine Cooling:Engine	Too few reports for a range	18,000 mi	1 (sparse)	ODI 10205152 · 18,000 mi THE HEAT FROM THE ENGINE COMPARTMENT IS NOT VENTED OR ROUTED PROPERLY, CAUSING 450 DEGREE FAHRENHEIT TEMPERATURES TO VENT ACROSS THE MOTORCYCLE OPERATORS LEGS, CAUSING PAIN AND DISCOMFORT. THE TEMPERATURE IS HOT ENOUGH TO CAUSE PHYSICAL PAIN WHEN THE PLASTIC SURROUND THE LEG AREA IS TOUCHED. THIS PROBLEM IS PANDEMIC TO MOST OF THE ST1300'S ON THE ROAD. I CAN PROVIDE THE NAMES OF HUNDREDS PERHAPS THOUSANDS OF OWNERS WHO HAVE THE EXACT SAME PROBLEM I AM DESCRIBING. THE DEALERS TO INCLUDE HONDA NORTH AMERICA HAVE NO RESOLUTION FOR THIS, EXCEPT … Look up ODI 10205152 at NHTSA ↗
Fuel/Propulsion System	Too few reports for a range	37,758 mi	1 (sparse)	ODI 10470513 · 37,758 mi MOTORCYCLE DEMONSTRATED ONCE BEFORE THE BOILING OF FUEL IN FULL FUEL TANK AFTER DRIVING. A COUPLE OF WEEKENDS LATER I DECIDED THAT I WOULD REMOVE THE FUEL FROM THE TANK BECAUSE I BELIEVED THAT THE GAS MAY HAVE CONTAINED TOO MUCH ALCOHOL WHICH MAY BOIL AT A LOWER TEMPERATURE. I REMOVED ALL BUT ABOUT 2 GALLONS OUT OF THE 7.7 GALLON TANK. I RODE TO A FUEL STATION AND REFILLED TO ABOUT 3/4 OF AN INCH BELOW THE FULL MARK. I LEFT SOME EXPANSION SPACE DUE TO THE HOT WEATHER. THE OPERATING TEMPERATURE OF THE BIKE WAS NORMAL AS ALWAYS. UPON RETURNING … Look up ODI 10470513 at NHTSA ↗

Complaint and recall timeline

Explore monthly filing activity alongside recall announcements. Up to ten years of monthly history is available.

ComponentPeriod

Solid line: filed complaints. Dashed amber lines: recall announcement dates for this vehicle selection; markers include all recall components. The latest month is partial. Temporal proximity does not establish causation.

Monthly counts, recall campaigns and complaint examples

Monthly complaint and recall timeline
Month	Campaigns announced	Examples
2024-10	None	No examples available for this selection.
2024-11	None	No examples available for this selection.
2024-12	None	No examples available for this selection.
2025-01	None	No examples available for this selection.
2025-02	None	No examples available for this selection.
2025-03	None	No examples available for this selection.
2025-04	None	No examples available for this selection.
2025-05	None	No examples available for this selection.
2025-06	None	No examples available for this selection.
2025-07	None	No examples available for this selection.
2025-08	None	No examples available for this selection.
2025-09	None	No examples available for this selection.
2025-10	None	No examples available for this selection.
2025-11	None	No examples available for this selection.
2025-12	None	No examples available for this selection.
2026-01	None	No examples available for this selection.
2026-02	None	No examples available for this selection.
2026-03	None	No examples available for this selection.
2026-04	None	No examples available for this selection.
2026-05	None	No examples available for this selection.
2026-06	None	No examples available for this selection.
2026-07	None	No examples available for this selection.
2026-08	None	No examples available for this selection.
2026-09 (partial)	None	No examples available for this selection.

Emerging complaint spikes

Complete months in the latest six months with at least 10 complaints, at least twice the preceding 12-month average, and at least three square-root deviations above that average.

This is a descriptive screening rule, not a statistical defect finding. Publicity and reporting changes can increase submissions.

No complete months meet the spike thresholds for this selection.

Equal-age model-year comparison

Model-wide cumulative reports during the first three or five calendar years, starting with the model year (age 0). Only fully elapsed windows are compared.

Observation windowFirst model yearSecond model year

2010: 1 complaints · 2012: 0 complaints

Equal observation windows
Model year	Through age 0	Through age 1	Through age 2
2010	0	1	1
2012	0	0	0

Date coverage across each selected cohort

Date basis for all complaints in selected model years
Year	Incident dates used	Filing date fallbacks	Excluded dates
2010	1	0	0
2012	1	0	0

Incident date is preferred when valid and no later than filing; otherwise filing date is used. Model year approximates age. Equal observation time does not adjust for sales, distance driven or reporting delays. One complaint linked to multiple model years can appear in each cohort.

Components reported together

Each cell counts unique complaints naming both components. Open a nonzero cell for examples.

Component co-occurrence matrix
Component	Electrical System	Engine And Engine Cooling:Engine	Fuel/Propulsion System
Electrical System	—	0	0
Engine And Engine Cooling:Engine	0	—	0
Fuel/Propulsion System	0	0	—

Co-reporting does not establish that one component caused another concern.

Recurring narrative patterns

Specific keyword mentions beyond broad component labels. Matching includes negations and comparisons and does not confirm a diagnosis.

Search patterns

0 patterns with matching reports.

No narratives match the published patterns.